Short Answer 
Oligarchy is a system where a small group holds political power, which can coexist with representative democracy, often marginalizing the majority. A historical example is apartheid South Africa (1948-1994), where only the white minority had political influence, highlighting crucial issues of equality and inclusivity in governance. This scenario underscores the need for broad participation to ensure that government truly represents the entire population.
Step 1: Understanding Oligarchy and Representative Democracy
An oligarchy is a system of government where a small group holds all political power. Surprisingly, this system can coexist with aspects of representative democracy, where elected officials represent a larger population. In such cases, the majority of people may remain marginalized while a particular group retains control over political decisions.
Step 2: The Example of South Africa (1948-1994)
During the apartheid era in South Africa, from 1948 to 1994, a clear example of oligarchy coupled with representative democracy emerged. The government enforced policies that allowed only the white population to hold significant power, essentially excluding minorities from political influence. This led to a situation where:
- The majority of citizens (the black population) could not participate in governance.
- White South Africans had the exclusive right to elect representatives.
- Decision-making was largely limited to the interests of the white minority, disregarding the needs of the majority.
Step 3: Implications of Oligarchy in a Democratic Framework
The existence of an oligarchic structure within a representative democracy raises crucial questions about equality and inclusivity in governance. When a small group dominates, it can lead to policies that do not reflect the will or needs of the broader population. This scenario emphasizes the importance of ensuring participation from all sectors of society to create a truly representative and effective government.